Hinterland

FROM THE GERMAN umland, a hinterland is inland territory behind and bordering a town on a coast or river, or the backcountry extending from an inland town. In both cases, the hinterland generally falls under the legal and economic jurisdiction of the same state to which the city belongs. The hinterland supplies a city with food, fuel, raw materials and, in the modern period, labor. It also serves as a market for its manufactured goods and services. The flow of goods and services between the hinterland and city is facilitated by a communication infrastructure of roads, canals, and bridges.

The development of the hinterland is connected with the rise of cities, appearing first with ancient Mesopotamian ceremonial and administrative centers, whose population specialized in the maintenance of ritual, on the one hand, and trade or redistribution, on the other hand. Because the center’s population was occupied primarily with non-food producing activities, it depended entirely for its food and fuel on its agricultural hinterland. The size and prosperity of a ceremonial and administrative city, therefore, depended on the agricultural productivity of its countryside, and tributary relationships were developed to control its resources.

A city that also engaged in long-distance trade, such as the polis of classical Greece (5th to 4th centuries B.C.E.), was less dependent on its hinterland if food could be obtained from farther afield. With expanding trade and a rise in population, the polis outstripped its hinterland’s capacity for food production. The hinterland of classical Athens, Attica, was suited to the cultivation of olives and grapes, used in the production of olive oil and wine, which then were exchanged for grain from the Greek BLACK SEA colonies.

Similarly, Quanzhou, a metropolitan port city in Southeast CHINA’s Quannan region, served as one of the main trading centers in the South China Sea and Southeast Asia from 1000 to 1400. With Quanzhou’s rapid expansion in the 11th and 12th centuries, its agriculturally weak backcountry, the Fujian hinterland, made the transition from food cultivation to that of cash crops such as lichee, sugarcane, and cotton and the manufacture of ceramics and metal products.

This commoditized city-hinterland relationship therefore served to include Greek and Chinese farmers on marginal arable lands in the international market. Additionally, premodern trading centers that lacked even agriculturally poor hinterlands, such as Timbuktu in West Africa or many of the early medieval coastal trading sites in northern Europe, either declined or were abandoned altogether when trade routes shifted away from these centers.

Even an agriculturally rich hinterland benefited from its relationship with the city. For example, the introduction of more animals to provision estates and pull the recently invented carriages of the elite in 17thand 18th-century PARIS meant that more fodder had to be brought to the city. Hinterland peasants responded by planting fields with more oats and meadows with forage crops, delivering these products to the city and carting away the manure from urban stalls, which they would use in turn to fertilize nitrogen-poor fields. Paris basin hinterland farmers thus took advantage of the opportunities offered by economic changes in their core region and thus generally fared better than the outland French peasantry.

Hinterland

Hinterland is a term that may be used in several ways in geography. It has a more specific meaning to economic geographers, when it is used to designate the region that is economically connected to an economic urban hub, usually a port or city. In this context the “hinterland” in effect refers to the market area, or distribution area, for the economic center. It may also be used in a general way to identify a region generally devoid of urban development that extends beyond the margin of such development but is still influenced by it. In the core and periphery concept, the term “hinterland” is often used interchangeably for the periphery, and therefore makes up the outer margin of a functional region. The word is sometimes used in reference to political control as well, to indicate a zone beyond the formal political or legal boundaries of a state or other political unit, but nevertheless swayed by its policies.

In a more general sense, the term is equivalent to other English terms such as “backwoods,” “outback,” “frontier,” and “back country.” Hinterland used in this way often characterizes an undeveloped region located inland from a strip of coastal settlement. 

In economic geography an entrepoˆ t is often considered to have a hinterland. The hinterland region is the larger market space through which the goods and services provided by the entrepoˆ t are dispersed. It is also the region that may provide raw materials for export to the entrepoˆ t. The size and function of the hinterland will modify, depending on the rate of growth (or lack thereof) of the entrepoˆ t. Lower-order economic centers may emerge in the hinterland, which function as distribution centers for the larger entrepoˆt, and often acquire secondary production functions, sometimes developing hinterlands of their own on a smaller scale.

The concept of an economic hinterland is a key part of Central Place Theory. Each central place is serviced by a hinterland, or market area. The size of the hinterland is determined by the range of the good or service in question—the hinterland’s radius is the equivalent to the range of the good or service in question. The range of a good or service is the distance that consumers will travel to access it. Different types of goods have different ranges. So-called higher-order goods and services, like automobiles, dental care, legal advice, etc., that are expensive and are used infrequently will have a large range, and therefore a much larger hinterland associated with them than lower-order goods. Lower-order goods, like a loaf of bread, gasoline, a car wash, etc., are used frequently and are generally inexpensive. These have a small range, and the hinterland connected to such goods and services is much smaller than with higher-order products. Thus, there is a hierarchy of hinterlands, with smaller hinterlands (lower-order goods and services) clustered within the hinterlands of higher-order goods and services. Central Place Theory suggests that these hinterlands are not circular, but rather take the form of hexagons.